War crack

While these gangs did exist and were incredibly prevalent in Detroit during this time, the national attitude towards drugs created a political climate that encouraged fear, outrage, and outcry for police involvement across cities in the United States.

Hip-hop music became intrinsically linked to drug and gang culture, and agencies like police departments and local governments capitalized upon this correlation to further criminalize Black youth. Markers for drug gangs were broadened to fit youth of color that listened to certain artists, wore certain colored clothes, ansd hung out in certain neighborhoods.

The scourge of drugs was a nearly universal fear among community members in both urban and suburban environments -- but urban areas were those considered dangerous and ridden with drug pushers praying upon suburban youths.

The inherent racial and socioeconomic implications of the mythologies that emerged in the s due to drug-related media are vast and outside the scope of this project; but they are still prevalent today and worth viewing with a critical, questioning eye.

Police misconduct in this time period manifested often in brutality and homicide against civilians, shifting slightly during this time period to take place more often in or around the home or vehicle as opposed to primarily occurring during incidents of street policing. Trends in police homicide may have shifted after due to the Tennessee v. Garner decision which made it illegal to shoot a suspect while they fled.

Otherwise, the trickle-down of national drug policy had direct effects upon Detroit police interactions with civilians. The passage of the Anti Drug Abuse Act reallocated money from federal funds to each state to combat drug use and distribution. This came into play in Michigan not just in Detroit, which was its largest metropolitan population center, but also in smaller towns across the state. The difference in the implementation of the ADA is that in suburban, primarily white towns is that much of this new funding was allocated toward drug education as opposed to policing and drug-based incarceration.

Sweeping increases in mandatory minimum laws and harsher sentencing laws hit Detroit immediately in the wake of the ADA, along with a distinctive change in police practices across low-income and primarily minority precinct districts in Detroit. Brutality occurred in both street policing and in the homes of people raided by SWAT teams; increased discretionary policing allowed police to monitor areas more closely and act in ways that they deemed acceptable without the levels of supervision that one would encounter in a non-drug ridden or wealthier area.

Misconduct is further exhibited in the prevalence of drug usage in the DPD and drug-related extortion became a major facet of police culture and conduct. With the emergence of crack cocaine in Detroit streets, it became apparent that DPD officers were using and abusing the drug at an increasing rate as the War on Crack progressed. Reports of on-duty and off-duty officers exhibiting erratic and often dangerous behavior flooded the office of DPD Chief William Hart.

Additionally, the news media caught onto the DPD's drug problem in multiple scathing article series across the late s. Only a fraction of incidents went to court against police officers, and out of that fraction only a small amount were given publicity or reported on. Drug-related crime was not limited to use and distribution; drug charges, because of the extreme nature of sentencing laws for a small amount of drugs, were easy to falsify should the police be able to plant a small amount of marijuana, crack, or other controlled substances on the suspect.

There are some instances wherein this is reported, but there is no existing metric to try and account for all of the false charges that have been brought against Detroit citizens for drug possession. Through the research and findings presented in this exhibit, it is important to acknowledge the reality of limitations that exist in this type of investigation.

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